Advantages and Disadvantages of Franchising

Focal points and Disadvantages of Franchising Diversifying Franchising is game plan where one gathering (the franchiser) awards another gathering (the franchisee) the option to utilize exchange name just as certain business frameworks and procedures, to deliver and showcase great or administration as indicated by certain detail. The franchisee normally pays a one-time establishment expense in addition to a level of deals revenueas sovereignty, and increases quick name perception, attempted and tried items, standard structure and decor,detailed method in running and advancing the business, preparing of representatives, and progressing help in advancing and updating of the items. The franchiser increases quick extension of business and earningsat least capital-expense. Highlight of the establishment is that every purchaser attempts to satisfy the different conditions and necessities of the vender (franchiser), identified with the creation and offer of merchandise and the arrangement of related administrations to customers. In this way, on the planet advertise there are gatherings of organizations joined in a solitary framework under the protection of a significant global partnership. Its accomplices in the agreement the franchisor gives counsel on corporate area, chooses hardware, helps in preparing, exhortation on the executives, and may likewise give money related help. This encourages the normalization and unification of items and administrations of the organizations remembered for the arrangement of diversifying gives solidarity on advertise occasions, style and plan, the nature of products and ventures sold the centralization of acquisition related reserve funds (and the extra advantage to the franchisor). Favorable circumstances of diversifying mode are following (Kotler, 2002, p. 377): Rapid development of deals advertises, the expansion in deals volume and the regional extension of the business Absence of the expense of the vertically-incorporated system the executives (decrease of work force costs) A lower level of own capital speculation Lift the notoriety of the organization and its trademark, acknowledgment from the clients, expanded trust in the quality and scope of items a solitary organization Income from the offer of the permit and leasing land establishment and gear Profit from loaning openings franchisees and diminishing the hour of turnover. Drawbacks of diversifying mode are following (Kotler, 2002, p. 377): The probability of a littler piece of the benefits from the establishment business than on their own Low notoriety of one of the establishments without legitimate quality control can influence the notoriety of the firm; Difficulty in controlling the dependability of monetary detailing franchisee The franchisor is setting up a potential rival even with franchisee organization Joint endeavors Joint endeavors are frequently made for access to outside business sectors, company’s choice to collaborate with their remote accomplice, sharing possession and power over the exercises of the organization. In world practice, there are numerous instances of notable relationship of firms and partnerships to tap new markets and addition upper hand. Formation of a joint endeavor might be the favored strategy for access to outside business sectors for the accompanying reasons: 1. On the off chance that the organization comes up short on the money related, innovative, administrative and different assets for self-advancement in remote markets 2. On the off chance that the legislature doesn't admit to its market outside organizations or auxiliaries without the cooperation of nearby capital for some political or financial reasons; 3. At the point when the organization, for monetary reasons, collaborate with an outside organization for the joint creation, the offer of which will give the organization higher benefits because of the ease of utilization of nearby assets (work, crude materials, and so forth.)

English writting and reading experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English writting and understanding experience - Essay Example Their whimsical activities left me feeling discouraged and distraught. The United States is noted for being a comprehensively different nation and tolerating of social decent variety as it acclimatizes into their own way of life. In any case, the manner in which I was being dealt with and what I found in the activities of my cohorts ended up being the specific inverse of this hopeful dream. I was not approached with deference at all thinking about that I was another remote understudy at their school. Later on I understood that I was being disparaged absolutely therefore. I was an outside understudy who couldn't communicate in English smoothly. I originated from another nation whose culture and customs these understudies didn't comprehend nor clearly regard. My family has constantly esteemed the significance of decent training. We have constantly offered accentuation to perusing, understanding, and composing aptitudes in our learning exercises because of its significance in our day by day lives and collaboration with individuals. For as long as I can recollect, I have consistently been keen on finding out about everything without exception that I could see, hear, or feel. During my instructive lifetime, I have met numerous educators whose impact on my taking in capacities have shifted from positive to negative. I have had instructors who affected and urged me to learn as much as Possible about specific things, and I had educators whose severity and disagreeableness made me retreat from finding out about specific things inside and out. I accept many individuals have the experience of disparagement sooner or later in their lives by individuals who could adversely influence their learning procedure. Individuals judge and generalization othe rs dependent on their instruction, property, race and looks, making it hard for them to control their words and deeds. My folks had been scorned during their time too however they gained from those individuals who made a decision about them or ridiculed them. What my dad trained me was that a

How to Help Your Depressed Teenager

How to Help Your Depressed Teenager Depression Childhood Depression Print How to Help Your Depressed Teenager Steps to Get Your Teen Help By Kathryn Rudlin, LCSW Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 19, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 10, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Imagesbybarbara / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand How to Know Symptoms Causes When to Seek Help Evaluation How You Can Help Treatments Teen Suicide Risk View All Depressed teens often experience significant emotional and sometimes physical pain, but may not know what to do to make it better or find the help that they need. Parents are usually in the best position to take charge in getting initial help for a depressed teen.   Learn how to know when to seek professional help, how to talk to your teen about depression, and how to support them through their experience. How Do Parents Know Their Teen Has Depression? If you suspect that your teen is depressed, it is important to see a doctor about your concerns. Only a doctor or mental health professional can diagnose teen depression. Unlike a stomach virus or the common cold that can be treated with a home remedy like chicken soup, teen depression needs to be  diagnosed  and treated by a doctor, psychiatrist, or other qualified mental health professional. Depression can have a number of different factors that can affect the type of treatment that a doctor recommends. An Overview of Teen Depression Symptoms of Teen Depression Depression in teens deeply affects those who experience it, but the symptoms are often different than those seen in depressed adults. In order to get help, it is important to first recognize the signs of depression in teens: Anger and irritabilitySomatic/physical complaintsWithdrawal from friends and familySleeping too much or not enoughFatigueNegative self-talkDifficulty concentratingDeclining gradesTalk of death or suicide Teen depression is not uncommon. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that 3.2% of children between the ages of 3 and 17 (approximately 1.9 million) are diagnosed with depression in a given year. The problem is that teen depression often disguises itself as normal mood swings due to puberty or teen angst. This means that it is often ignored until something more serious happens such as serious risk-taking behavior that leads to trouble or a  suicide  attempt. What Is Causing My Teens Depressed Moods? Depression in teens can be caused by different factors. Some of the factors that might play a part include: TraumaGenetic predisposition to depressionBullyingSocial exclusionStressBiochemical imbalances The teen years are also a period of physical, emotional, and social upheaval. Just being a teenager and going through puberty can often be a cause for  mood swings  and depressed moods. The stress of becoming a young adult with all of its social and independent aspects can cause bouts of sadness and depression. Because teen depression can have so many causes and because mood shifts can be so common in teens, it can make it difficult for parents to recognize the signs and for doctors to make a diagnosis. For parents, this means you should note all depression symptoms, be aware of your teens moods, and always discuss any signs with your teens doctor. If you want to know what could be contributing to your teens depression, you can go to the source and  talk to your teen. They may be able to give you an answerâ€"or they may not know themselves. Either way, talking to your teen will help you keep the lines of communication open with them while they are working through their depression. Puberty and Depression When to Seek Professional Help Identifying depression  in teens can be difficult  because it doesn’t necessarily show up in all aspects of a teens life and can be episodic, appearing to come and go. But  depression in teens is often serious. It is a mistake to wait and hope depression will get better on its own because it usually doesnt. Untreated depression can lead to other serious problems, such as substance use, behavior problems, and medical issues. If your teen has significant changes in mood, behavior, or personality that last more than a few weeks, its a good idea to seek professional help to try to determine the reason behind these changes.   It is important to have your teen evaluated by a doctor in order to receive an appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Your childs doctor can also check for other medical conditions that might be contributing to your teens symptoms. One study found that children who are diagnosed with depression are more likely to have other chronic health problems, other mental health conditions, as well as other unmet mental and medical health services needs.   It may not be depression, but any long-term changes in your teens functioning suggest a serious problem that needs to be identified and addressed. It’s always best to err on the side of caution when the possibility of teen depression exists, as it may continue to worsen and can lead to suicide. The Dangers of Untreated Depression in Teens Getting Your Teen Evaluated The first step in helping a teen with symptoms of depression is a thorough  evaluation by a professional. This crucial step helps provide valuable information about whether your teen suffers from depression, the severity of the problem, and what treatment options are likely to be the most effective. Depending on the available resources and how long it takes to set up an initial appointment, you should schedule an assessment for your teen with their medical doctor or with a mental health professional who specializes in helping teenagers. Seeing your childs pediatrician may be a good first step. What Evaluation Might Look Like Your childs doctor can evaluate your childs health, make a diagnosis, recommend treatments, and refer you to another professional if necessary. A medical doctor can order blood tests, review family history, evaluate current medications, sleep patterns, and diet in an effort to determine if there is a physical cause for the depression.  An individual therapist specializing in treating teens can evaluate the symptoms based on talking to the teen and family members. This information helps point the way to make specific recommendations for next steps that are likely to be beneficial to your teen.  A  psychological evaluation  or psychological testing, completed by a psychologist over several sessions can provide extensive information about the severity and nature of the symptoms, contributing factors, and the possible presence of  suicidal ideation. This option is best suited for cases where the diagnosis is unclear.   Information revealed about your teens symptoms in the evaluation plus the recommendations of the professional who administers it will make it easier to determine the next steps to take. How You Can Help If your teen is diagnosed with depression, there are ways you can be supportive. Educate yourself about depression so you can have a better idea of what your teen is going through. Be available to listen and encourage your teen to talk to you about anything that might be bothering them. Support your teens daily routines, such as taking medications and eating healthy, encourage healthy self-help strategies, and make sure your home is a safe, comforting place. Start getting your teen help for depression by talking to their doctor. Working with a mental health professional and your family doctor is the best beginning strategy for a teen suffering from depression. This type of treatment strategy will not only help your teen deal with their current problem but will also prevent the depression from getting worse and causing more problems in school, their social lives, and their development. Some teens who are suffering from depression do not want to seek help. They may beg, get upset with you, or become violent when you suggest it. Even if your concerns are met with resistance, it is still important that you seek help for your teen. What to Do When Your Depressed Teen Refuses Help Explain Depression to Your Teen Comparing depression to another medical illness that your child is familiar with may help them to frame depression as an illness and better understand their symptoms, the importance of treatment, and that they shouldnt feel alone or abnormal. Older children and adolescents are especially sensitive to feeling different or out of place. Talk with your child and encourage them to ask questions. For Example:  Depression is a mental illness. It is like other illnesses like the flu in the way that it can make you feel tired or have a headache. It can also affect your moods and feelings. It can make you feel sad, lonely, frustrated, angry, or scared. Talk About Treatment With Your Teen Your teenager is more likely to comply with  treatment  if they understand what it is for, knows what to expect, and can have a say in it. Of course, it is not always practical to allow your child to plan their own treatment, but if you can allow them to even make a small decision (like setting up their next appointment), it may make a big difference in allowing them to feel a little more in control. For Example:  You will need to take your medicine every day and go to therapy once a week so you feel better. You can talk privately to your therapist about how you are feeling. Your medicine may make you feel extra tired or dizzy, but it should go away soon. That is why you will see the doctor once a month. He will ask about how the medicine is making you feel and will make sure that it is helping you. Encourage Supportive Relationships Depression can cause teens to withdraw from friends and family, which can lead to feelings of sadness, loneliness, and isolation. Supportive relationships are important for people of all ages, but it may be especially important for depressed children who already  feel lonely or isolated. Having just one friend or supportive adult to talk to can provide a huge benefit to your child. Declare your support and availability to your child. Encourage your child to connect or re-connect with friends and to share their feelings. For Example:  I am always here to talk to you about anything. Talking to your friends can help, too. Having supportive and encouraging people to lean on is important. Talking about your feelings can make a difficult time a little bit easier. Which of your friends do you think you might be able to talk to? Address Myths Older children may be familiar with the  social stigma of mental illness  or have heard others say derogatory things about people will mental illness. You may want to address this with your child so that they do not feel like they have to hide or be ashamed of their depression diagnosis. Remind your child that people may not understand or might be misinformed, but that there is no reason to feel embarrassed or ashamed. Teens should also know that it is their choice whether or not they want to tell people about their diagnosis, but that it is not something that they need to hide. Treatments for Teen Depression Teen depression is treatable with medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of the two. Your mental health professional will help you and your teen decide on an  individual treatment plan. Teens who are suicidal may need to be hospitalized.   Medications Antidepressants can be effective in the treatment of teen depression. All antidepressants carry a black box FDA warning of an increased risk of suicidal thinking in children and young adults under the age of 25. Because of this, antidepressant use in teens should be carefully monitored by doctors and parents, particularly during the first few weeks of treatment.   While only a few antidepressants have a formal FDA indication for the pediatric population, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used.   Psychotherapy Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) are two approaches that are often used to treat depression in teens. CBT focuses on addressing the relationships between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Teens learn to identify negative thought patterns and replace them with more positive, helpful ones. IPT is focused on social relationships and communication issues that can contribute to feelings of depression. It may involve helping teens learn to interact with others in new ways and to improve the quality of their social relationships. Lifestyle Changes In addition to professional treatment, there are other things that you can do to improve how your teen is feeling. Lifestyle modifications such as establishing a good sleep schedule, getting regular exercise, and eating a healthy diet can help kids feel better. How Depression In Children Is Treated Teen Suicide Risk Parents sometimes mistakenly believe that talking about  suicide can plant ideas in a child. In fact, addressing the topic can help your child to know what to do if they have  suicidal thoughts or behaviors. Talking about suicide wont give your child ideas; it can help them recognize a problem and know when and how to ask for help. It is important that you seek urgent medical care if your child is having suicidal thoughts or behaviors. Watch for signs of suicidal thinking and dont hesitate to call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 or call emergency services if you believe your teen is suicidal. Teen Suicide Warning Signs and Prevention

Couric Family Tree - Ancestry of Katie Couric

1. Katherine Anne (Katie) COURIC was born on 7 Jan 1957 in Arlington, Va. Second Generation 2. John Martin COURIC Jr.  was born on 28 Aug 1920 in Brunswick, Glynn Co., Ga. He married Elinor HENE married on 26 Jan 1944 in Chicago, Cook Co., Ill. 3. Elinor HENE  was born on 30 Jun 1923 in Omaha, Douglas Co., Nebr. John Martin COURIC Jr. and Elinor HENE had the following children: i. Emily COURIC was born on 5 Jun 1947 in Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia, and died of pancreatic cancer on 18 Oct 2001 in Charlottesville, Albemarle County, Virginia. ii. Clara (Kiki) COURIC (living) iii. John Martin COURIC III (living) 1 iv. Katherine Anne (Katie) COURIC Third Generation 4. John Martin COURIC  was born on 19 Jan 1886 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  and died on 13 Apr 1947 in Laurens Co., Ga.  He married Wildie Churchill HIBBLER on 11 Jan 1912  and is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. 5. Wildie Churchill HIBBLER  was born on 5 Jul 1886 in Miss.  and died in Apr 1974 in Arlington, Va.  She was buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. John Martin COURIC and Wildie Churchill HIBBLER had the following children: i. Charlotte COURIC  was born about 1914 in Georgia.2 ii. John Martin COURIC Jr. 6. Berthold B. (Bert) HENE  was born on 18 Jun 1890 in Burlington, Des Moines Co., Iowa.  He worked as an architect  and described himself as medium height and build, with grey eyes and black hair.  He married Clara L. FROHSIN. 7. Clara L. FROHSIN  was born on 8 Jan 1898 in Alexander City, Tallapoosa Co., Ala. and died on 20 Nov 1987 in Atlanta, Fulton Co., Ga. Berthold B. (Bert) HENE and Clara L. FROHSIN had the following children: 3 i. Elinor HENEii. Bert HENE Jr.  was born about 1926 in Nebraska. Explore More of the Couric Family Tree First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Sixth Generation Back to Generations 1-3 8. Alfred Alexis COURIC was born on 20 Feb 1843 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  and died on 17 Dec 1917 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  He married Sarah Sophia (Sallie) MCKLEROY on 20 Dec 1871 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  and is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. 9. Sarah Sophia (Sallie) MCKLEROY was born on 18 Apr 1850 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  and died on 9 Jan 1900 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  She is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour County, Alabama. Alfred Alexis COURIC and Sarah Sophia (Sallie) MCKLEROY had the following children: i. Mollie Shorter COURIC was born on 2 May 1873 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  and died on 24 Apr 1947 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  She is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.ii. Alfred Alexis (Lex) COURIC was born on 11 May 1876 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  and died on 23 May 1941 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  He is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.iii. Katherine Kolb COURIC was born on 18 Jan 1878 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  and died on 6 May 1936.iv. William McKleroy (Roy) COURIC was born on 25 Jun 1880 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  and died on 12 Sep 1918 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  He is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.v. Sarah Pauline COURIC was born on 3 Feb 1882 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  and died on 11 Sep 1954 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  She is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.vi. Charles Mathuron COURIC was born in 1884 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. an d died in 1934 in Dawson, Ga.4 vii. John Martin COURICviii. Junius Battle COURIC was born on 28 Jun 1889 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. and died on 3 Nov 1968 in Miami, Dade Co., Fla.ix. Edmonson Shorter COURIC was born on 5 Jan 1891 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. and died on 23 Aug 1953 in Miami, Dade Co., Fla.x. Martha Gill COURIC died at the age of 7 months, 1 day  and is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. 10. James Edmund HIBBLER  was born on 20 Sep 1847 in Alabama and died on 25 Feb 1921. He married Ida Hill IVY on 2 Mar 1871 in Noxubee Co., Miss. 11. Ida Hill IVY  was born on 5 Dec 1849 in Mississippi and died on 5 May 1927. James Edmund HIBBLER and Ida Hill IVY had the following children: i. Carrie B. HIBBLER  was born about 1871 in Noxubee Co., Miss. ii. Fannie HIBBLER  was born about Apr 1873 in Mississippi. iii. James S. HIBBLER  was born about 1874 in Noxubee Co., Miss. iv. Robert HIBBLER  was born about 1876 in Noxubee Co., Miss. v. Mary A. HIBBLER  was born about 1879 in Noxubee Co., Miss. vi. Lottie J. HIBBLER  was born about Mar 1882 in Mississippi. 5 vii. Wildie Churchill HIBBLER viii. Laura HIBBLER  was born about Oct 1890 in Mississippi. 12. Aaron HENE  was born about Oct 1848 in Bavaria.  He immigrated about 1864-1865 to the United States  and was naturalized in 1893.  He worked as a cigar maker  and married Matilda MEYER about 1883. 13. Matilda MEYER  was born about Aug 1862 in Germany.  She immigrated in 1874  or 1889  to the United States and was naturalized in 1893. Aaron HENE and Matilda MEYER had the following children: 6 i. Berthold B. (Bert) HENEii. Robert D. HENE  was born about Mar 1899 in Nebraska. 14. Isaac FROHSIN was born on 2 Aug 1865 in Brakel, Hoxter, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany and died on 26 Dec 1922 in Alexander City, Tallapoosa Co., Ala. He is buried on 28 Dec 1922 in West Point, Troup Co., Ga. Isaac married Emma HAGEDORN on 10 Feb 1897 in West Point, Troup Co., Ga. 15. Emma HAGEDORN was born on 4 Aug 1865 in Giershagen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany and died on 13 Apr 1946 in Alexander City, Tallapoosa Co., Ala. She is buried in West Point, Troup Co., Ga. Isaac FROHSIN and Emma HAGEDORN had the following children: 7 i. Clara L. FROHSINii. Leon FROHSIN was born on 5 Jan 1899 in Alexander City, Tallapoosa Co., Ala. and died on 6 Nov 1973 in Fulton Co., Ga.iii. Ralph FROHSIN was born on 24 Aug 1902 in Alexander City, Tallapoosa Co., Ala. and died on 13 Oct 1994 in Alexander City, Tallapoosa Co., Ala.iv. Lewis FROHSIN was born on 16 Apr 1906 in Alexander City, Tallapoosa Co., Ala. and died on 8 Aug 1977 in Fulton Co., Ga. Explore More of the Couric Family Tree First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Sixth Generation Back to Generations 1-3 16. Charles Mathuron COURIC was born on 24 Nov 1817 in Laurient, France  and died on 19 May 1861 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  He married Henrietta Francoise Farier DOUTRE about 1839 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. and is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. 17. Henrietta Francoise Farier DOUTRE was born on 10 Aug 1805 in Saintes, France  and died on 22 Nov 1873 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  She is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. Charles Mathuron COURIC and Henrietta Francoise Farier DOUTRE had the following children: i. Lucien COURIC was born about 1841 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. and died about 1898 in Wetumka, Ala.8 ii. Alfred Alexis COURICiii. Frances Elizabeth COURIC was born about 1845 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. and died on 1 Jan 1900 in Union Springs, Ala.iv. Alida Mathilde COURIC was born on 25 Oct 1847 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. and died on 14 Mar 1933 in Mobile, Ala. 18. Captain William Henry MCKLEROY was born unknown. He married Martha Gill SHORTER. 19. Martha Gill SHORTER was born about 21 Sep 1821 in Pass Christian, La.  and died on 6 Sep 1855. Captain William Henry MCKLEROY and Martha Gill SHORTER had the following children: i. Emily Francis MCKLEROYii. John Martin MCKLEROYiii. William Henry MCKLEROY IIiv. Mittie MCKLEROYv. Mary MCKLEROY9 vi. Sarah Sophia (Sallie) MCKLEROYvii. Reuben S. MCKLEROY died in Sep 1855 in Pass Christian, La. 20. James Lawrence HIBBLER was born on 24 Nov 1812 in Edgefield Co., S.C. and died on 20 Mar 1880. He married Mary Ann AMASON on 9 Feb 1838 in Sumter Co., Ala. 21. Mary Ann AMASON was born on 19 Aug 1819 in N.C. James Lawrence HIBBLER and Mary Ann AMASON had the following children: i. Laura Jane HIBBLER was born on 10 Dec 1838 in Sumter Co., Ala.ii. Infant HIBBLER was born in 1840 in Sumter Co., Ala. and died in 1840 in Sumter Co., Ala.iii. Thomas William HIBBLER was born on 15 Aug 1842 in Sumter Co., Ala. and died on 3 Oct 1857 in Sumter Co., Ala.iv. Robert HIBBLER was born on 10 Nov 1845 in Sumter Co., Ala.10 v. James Edmund HIBBLERvi. Infant HIBBLER was born on 10 Dec 1849 in Sumter Co., Ala. and died on 10 Dec 1849 in Sumter Co., Ala.vii. Infant HIBBLER was born on 15 Dec 1851 in Sumter Co., Ala. and died on 15 Dec 1851 in Sumter Co., Ala.viii. Mary Frances HIBBLER was born on 11 Aug 1852 in Sumter Co., Ala. 22. Bird IVY  was born on 5 Mar 1812 in Warrenton Co., Ga. and died on 8 May 1884 in Pickens Co., Ala. He married Caroline Jemima COCKRELL and is buried in 1884 in Old Memphis Cemetery, Cochrane, Pickens Co., Ala. 23. Caroline Jemima COCKRELL  was born on 5 Oct 1827 in S.C. and died on 30 Nov 1895 in Noxubee Co., Miss. She is buried in 1895 in Odd Fellows Cemetery, Macon, Noxubee Co., Miss. Bird IVY and Caroline Jemima COCKRELL had the following children: i. Thomas William IVY was born about 1846 in Noxubee Co., Miss.11 ii. Ida Hill IVYiii. Charlotte Gibson IVY was born about 1851 in Ala.iv. Jesse Churchill IVY23 was born about 1854 in Miss.v. Jeremiah A. IVY was born about 1856 in Miss.vi. Carrie Moore IVY was born on 15 Jun 1860 in Noxubee Co., Miss.vii. Fannie Barrett IVY was born on 18 Sep 1861 in Miss. 24. Wolfgang HENE was born about 1814 in Geinsheim, Germany He married Mahle (Mable?) UNKNOWN. 25. Mahle (Mable?) UNKNOWN  was born about 1813 in Bavaria. Wolfgang HENE and Mahle (Mable?) had the following children: i. Isaac HENE  was born about Mar 1838 in Geinsheim, Germany and died on 14 Mar 1905 in Cook Co., Illinois.  He immigrated in 1863 to the United States  and worked as a vegetable peddler in Chicago.ii. Simon HENE was born on 15 Feb 1843 in Geinsheim, Rhein Pfalz, Germany  and died on 25 Mar 1895.  He is buried in the Jewish Cemetery, Burlington, Des Moines Co., Iowa.iii. Charles HENE  was born on 12 Dec 1844 in Geinsheim, Germany  and died on 3 Jun 1901 in Colorado.  He was a cigar manufacturer in Chicago, Cook Co., Ill.  and is buried in Fairmount Cemetery, Denver, Colo. 12 iv. Aaron HENE v. Bertha HENE  was born about 1854 in Bavaria.vi. Blondiso (Blondie) HENE  was born about Jul 1873 in Germany. She immigrated in 1885 to the United States. 26. MEYER was born and had the following children: 13 i. Matilda MEYERii. Freda MEYER  was born about 1873 in Germany. Fifth Generation Continued Explore More of the Couric Family Tree First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Sixth Generation Back to Fifth Generation, Part One Fifth Generation, Continued 28. Solomon FROHSIN was born about 1838 in Brakel, Hoxter, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany. He married Julia LEVINSOHN. 29. Julia LEVINSOHN was born. Solomon FROHSIN and Julia LEVINSOHN had the following children: i. Jonas FROHSIN was born on 27 Aug 1856 in Brakel, Hoxter, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany and died on 23 Apr 1949 in New York, N.Y. He is buried in Atlanta, Fulton Co., Ga.ii. Ida FROHSIN was born on 27 Aug 1857 in Brakel, Hoxter, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany and died in 1938.iii. Abraham FROHSIN was born on 20 May 1864 in Brakel, Hoxter, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany and died on 14 Apr 1942 in New York, N.Y. He is buried on 17 Apr 1942 in Mt. Sinai Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pa.14 iv. Isaac FROHSINv. Cecelia FROHSIN was born on 28 Sep 1869 in Brakel, Hoxter, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany and died on 15 Jun 1949 in Philadelphia, Pa. She is buried on 17 Jun 1949 in Mt. Sinai Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pa. 30. Abraham HAGEDORN was born on 26 Oct 1819 and died on 15 May 1908. He married Clara ROSENBAUM. 31. Clara ROSENBAUM was born on 10 May 1825 and died on 19 Apr 1897. She is buried in Giershagen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany. Abraham HAGEDORN and Clara ROSENBAUM had the following children: 15 i. Emma HAGEDORN Sixth Generation 38. Reuben Clarke SHORTER Sr was born on 13 Feb 1787 in Culpepper Co., Va.  and died on 14 Jul 1853 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.  He married Mary Butler GILL on 31 May 1812 in Jasper Co., Ga. 39. Mary Butler GILL was buried in Shorter Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala. Reuben Clarke SHORTER Sr and Mary Butler GILL had the following children: i. Sarah Elizabeth SHORTERii. Emily Frances SHORTER was born on 15 Aug 1816  and died on 13 May 1839.iii. John Gill SHORTER was born on 23 Apr 1818 in Monticello, Jasper Co., Ga.  and died on 29 May 1872.  He was the Alabama Civil War Governor.19 iv. Martha Gill SHORTERv. Eli Sims SHORTER was born on 15 Mar 1823 in Monticello, Jasper Co., Ga.  and died on 29 Apr 1879 in Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.vi. Reuben Clark SHORTER Jr. was born on 22 Jan 1825 in Monticello, Jasper Co., Ga. and died on 14 May 1853 in Montgomery, Montgomery Co., Ala. He is buried in Oakwood Cemetery, Montgomery, Montgomery Co., Ala.vii. William James SHORTER was born on 28 Oct 1826  and died on 2 Oct 1839.viii. Mary Butler SHORTER was born about 1828.ix. Sophia Herndon SHORTER was born on 22 May 1830  and died on 18 Mar 1850.  She is buried in Shorter Cemetery, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.x. Sampson Slaughter SHORTER was born on 23 Sep 1834  and died on 29 Oct 1840.  He is buried in Shorter Cemeter y, Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala.xi. Henry Russell SHORTER was born about 1833 in Jasper Co., Ga. and died in 1898.xii. Laura Maria SHORTER 40. Jacob HIBBLER was born in 1762 and died in 1835. He married Virginia BELCHER. 41. Virginia BELCHER was born on 26 Aug 1774 in Greenwich, Sussex Co., N.J. and died in 1824. Jacob HIBBLER and Virginia BELCHER had the following children: 20 i. James Lawrence HIBBLER 56. Louis FROHSIN married UNKNOWN. Louis FROHSIN had the following children: 28 i. Solomon FROHSIN Prepared by Kimberly Powell, January 2006 Explore More of the Couric Family Tree First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Sixth Generation

World History Cb Ww1 - 1732 Words

World History CBA: WW1 WW1 was the result of several factors such as Imperialism, Nationalism and Militarism between World Alliances of that time period.The two sides who ended up facing each other in this war because of those factors were the: Allies - United Kingdom, Russia, France, USA and Italy, while the Central Power included Ottoman Empire, Austro Hungary and Germany. At time in history most European nations already had colonies and as the years went by, the land which was still independent was fought over fiercely. Italy and Germany were new world powers and both countries wanted to expand their boundaries. England was focused on maintaining it’s already diminishing empire while Russia and Austro-Hungary were busy dividing the Balkans through force and politics. Each nation wanted to look and be stronger as a nation. Imperialism - the hunt for more land, lead to Militarism and Nationalism which helped create the war. These three factors gave birth to WW1 and played a big role in the war. The two sides who ended up facing each other in this war because of those factors included: the Allies - United Kingdom, Russia, France, USA, Italy,and the Central Power which included Ottoman Empire, Austro Hungary and Germany. The spark that gave light to the conflict however lies in the Balkans. Before the World War, the Balkans was a collection of small independent countries who lived under the shadows and even protection or will of Russia and Austro Hungary. The BalkansShow MoreRelatedMusic And Its Impact On Development Of Musical Performances And Production2209 Words   |  9 Pagesbroader meaning that is harder to define. Today Indie is recognised as a genre of music and is often used as a prefix to another genre such as Indie-Pop and Indie-Folk. So what is Indie music? And how did Indie evolve to become a genre? BRIEF HISTORY OF EARLY INDEPENDENT RECORD LABELS ‘Independent record labels have been around since music started being recorded’ (King, 2012, p.13). Created by fanatics with a passion for music, the recording and production process was often self-funded and theRead MoreIndependent Musics Influence On The Development Of Musical Performances And Production2302 Words   |  10 Pagesthat is harder to define. Today, the term â€Å"Indie† is used to describe a genre of music and is often used as a prefix to another genre such as Indie-Rock and Indie-Folk. So what is Indie music? And how did Indie evolve to become a genre? BRIEF HISTORY OF EARLY INDEPENDENT RECORD LABELS ‘Independent record labels have been around since music started being recorded’ (King, 2012, p.13). Created by fanatics with a passion for music, the recording and production process was often self-funded and theRead MoreModern History.Hsc.2012 Essay25799 Words   |  104 PagesMODERN HISTORY -2012 Topic one – USA 1919-1941 Topic two – conflict in the pacific Topic three – Douglas MacArthur Topic Four – World War I TOPIC ONE – USA 1919-1941 USA 1920’S * the radio age * felt like istory had turned a corner and never going back * stock market * black Thursday November 24 1929 * the jazz age * a speakeasyyyyyyy How significant were the Republican policies in causing the great depression? The significance of the republic policies

Innovation and Change Management Free Essays

| Companies that successfully innovate also successfully manage change | INNOVATION CHANGE MANAGEMENT MHN221935-12-A| Malgorzata Glowacka S0915718 International Tourism Hospitality Enterprise | Innovation and change management have been and continues to be an important study on a number of levels. It plays significant part in economic growth as well as it is vital for firms’ survival and development. New ideas, new approaches and new products become critical guidelines in organisational strategy, especially for managers and business leaders. We will write a custom essay sample on Innovation and Change Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to The Boston Consulting Group (2010) employers’ ranked innovation as a strategic priority with 26% citing it as a top priority and a further 45% ranking it as a top-three priority. Organisations such as Apple or Google adapted this tactic and thanks to their right management of change, now are recognized as one of the most revolutionizing and prosperous companies in the world (Business Week, 2010). It proves that successfully innovating companies are the winners and they play major role in industry market. Therefore, this essay aims to critically evaluate the connection between innovation and change management. The term of innovation is hard to define as it can mean different things for different people. According to Druker (1985) innovation is the specific tool of entrepreneurs, the means by which they exploit changes as an opportunity. West and Farr (1990) pointed out that organizational innovation can be characterized as a tangible product, process or procedure within company and something what is new to the social setting within which it is introduced although not necessarily new to the individual introducing it. They also exanimated innovation being more intentional rather than accidental, mainly aimed at producing benefit to the organization. Traditional categorizations of innovations divide them into four types (Tidd and Bessant, 2010, Fig1): -product innovation can be a change in the function or feature of a product such as Window Vista replacing XP. This kind of innovation is intended to improve the function of the offering to make sales more likely -process innovation is based on transformations in the ways products/ services are created and delivered like for e. g. nline banking system which allows customers to manage their finance. This kind of invention introduces new, or significantly improved, method for production or delivery of output that adds value and better performance -position innovation target changes in market or customer base for a product or service. This kind of strategy change meaning of a product in customer’s eyes like for e. g. four-wheel cars which original ly were used for off road work became fashionable family car -paradigm innovations are based on changes in how companies frame what they do; for e. . Air Canada (the largest airline of Canada with scheduled and charter air transport) launched a discount, new low-cost international carrier in Vancouver (The Globe Mail,2012) Fig 1. Types of innovation. Adapted from Tidd and Bessant, 2010 Innovations are often classified as either radical or incremental (Gallouj and Weinstein, 1997). Radical innovations are generally based on a big change in development that modifies the competitive market and it may results in new markets and product opportunities. Good example of radical innovation is Apple with their first PC Lisa which had graphical interface. The innovation, despite its limited success, was universally recognised as being far ahead of the competition and it took years for some of the advanced features of its operating system to be incorporated in competitors’ operating system (Rayna and Striukova, 2009). An incremental innovation is a term used when there was a minor change to an existing technology like for e. g. in case of Apple and their iPod. MP3 players had been present in the market before Apple introduced iPod but the company still succeed because they made better product, which was easier to use, looked more solid and more appealing compared to other MP3 players (Rayna and Striukova, 2009). Organizational change, like innovation, is hard to specify. It can be described as any alternation or modification, which occurs in the overall work environment of an organization. Moran and Brightman (2000) defined it as the process of continually renewing an organization’s direction, structure, and capabilities to serve the ever-changing needs of external and internal customers. It tend to focus on the management of formally planned changes and it is indicating a macro- level approach, which is concerned with organisation as a whole (King and Anderson, 2002). Due its complexity, many researchers categorised organizational change in different ways, for e. g. Pettigrew (1987) separated it into strategic and non-strategic change while Goodstein and Warner (1995) divided it into incremental and radical change. However the starting point for discussing variations of change is Grundy’s (1993) three variations of change. The first, smooth incremental change changes slowly in a systematic and predicable way. The second variety of change Grundy terms ‘bumpy incremental change’. This is characterized by periods of relative calmness disrupted by rushing in the pace of change. Grundy’s third variety of change is ‘discontinuous change’, which he defines as ‘change which is marked by rapid shifts in strategy, structure or culture, or in all three’. There are several drivers and models which clarify the need for change. Most of them are grouped into external drivers or internal drivers (Proehl, 2001). External are those forces that are outside the organization, usually it is an economic, political, socio-cultural or technological driver. The internal drivers are those forces within the organization, which may include finance, limited skill level of employees, changes in leadership etc. Another example, presented by Anderson and Ackerman Anderson (2001) describes seven main drivers of change, which move from what is external (environment, marketplace, organization) to what is internal (culture and people). This model mainly focuses on leaders and management role as they are clearly more aware of external domains and thy play the most important part in internal domains. This is their job to implement any changes in culture, behaviour and mind-set within their company and if they will fail in that, the change will also fail. It can be assumed then, that change is about innovation and innovation is about change. Williams (2006) stated that to successfully manage innovation, company need to be good at managing source of innovation and managing innovation during discontinuous and incremental change. Once again Apple is the perfect example of company effectively handling innovation and change at the same time. They do it for e. g. y managing leadership within organization. Tidd and Bessant (2005) noted that leadership strongly influences the success of change and innovation. For Apple the key role in the company played Steve Jobs and his visionary leadership: My passion has been to build an enduring company where people were motivated to make great products. Everything else was secondary. Sure, it was great to make a profit, because that was what allowed you to make great products. But the products, not the profits, were the motivation. Sculley flipped these priorities to where the goal was to make money. It’s a subtle difference, but it ends up meaning everything—the people you hire, who gets promoted, what you discuss in meetings. Isaacson, 2012 According to Hughes (2006) leading change is fundamentally about influencing groups and individuals, therefore leaders of change need to understand people. And that is what Jobs could do. He understood that customers don’t know what they want until it is shown to them. He implemented among his employees the desire of perfect design as to him ‘’†¦nothing could be further from the meaning of design. Design is a fundamental soul’’ (Isaacson, 2012). To conclude, the concept of innovation and change is fundamental to business success. It is viewed as being extremely important for company survival and future development. Organisations such as Apple can prove the point that companies which successfully innovate also successfully manage change. References Anderson, D. , Ackerman Anderson, L. , 2001. Beyond Change Management: Advanced Strategies for Today’s Transformational Leaders. USA: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer Drucker, P. F. , 1985. Innovation and entrepreneurship: practice and principles. New York: Harper ; Row Gallouj, F. , Weinstein, O. , 1997. Innovation in services. Research Policy 26, 537–556 Goodstein, L. D. and Warner, W. , 1995. Creating Successful Organization Change. In: Managing Organizational Change. Warner (ed. ). pp. 7-9. New York: American Management Association Grundy, T. , 1993. Implementing Strategic Change. London: Kogan Page Harsh, P. , 2011. Organizational Change. India: Dorling Kindersley Hughes, M. , 2006. Change Management: A critical perspective. CIPD. King, N. , Anderson, N. , 2002. Managing Innovation and Change: A Critical Guide for Organizations. Singapore: Seng Lee Press Isaacson, W. , 2012. The Real Leadership Lessons of Steve Jobs. [online] Available from: http://www. atheeqa. com/App_Themes/watheeqa/pdf/The%20Real%20Leadership%20Lessons%20of%20Steve%20Jobs%20-%20HBR%20l%20Apr-2012. pdf [Accessed 15th October] Moran, J, W. , Brighman, B. K. , 2000. Leading organizational change. In: Journal of Workplace Learning: Employee Counselling Today Vol. 12 (2), pp. 66-74 Pettigrew, A. M. , 1987. Context and action in th e transformation of the firm. In: Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 24 (6), pp. 649–70 Proehl, R. A. , 2001. Organizational Change in the Human Services. USA: Sage Publications Ltd. Rainey, D. LA. , 2005. Product Innovation: Leading Change through Integrated Product Development. UK: Cambridge Rayna, T. , Striukova, L. , 2009. The curse of the first-mover: when incremental innovation leads to radical change. In: Int. J. Collaborative Enterprise, Vol. 1(1) The Globe and Mail. Air Canada shuffles small-plane fleet, adds wide body jets. [online] Available from: http://www. theglobeandmail. com/globe-investor/air-canada-shuffles-small-plane-fleet-adds-widebody-jets/article4580211 [Accessed 15th October 2012] Tidd, J. , Bessant, J. , 2011. Managing Innovation: Integrating Technological, Market and Organizational Change. England: John Wiley ; Sons Ltd. The Boston Consulting Group, 2010. Innovation 2010. A Return to Prominence – and the Emergence of a New World Order. [online] Available from: http://tobiaslist. files. wordpress. com/2010/06/innovation-2010-bcg. pdf [Accessed 15th October 2012] The Business Week, 2010. The 50 Most Innovative Companies 2010. [online] Available from: http://www. businessweek. com/interactive_reports/innovative_companies_2010. html [Accesses 15th October 2012] West, M. A. and Farr, J. L. , 1990. Innovation at work. In: Innovation and Creativity at Work: Psychological and Organizational Strategies. UK: Chichster Williams, Ch. , 2006. Management. Canada: Thomson South-Western How to cite Innovation and Change Management, Essay examples

The Arts Deal in the Particula Essay Example For Students

The Arts Deal in the Particula Essay The Arts Deal in the Particular, the Individual and the Personal While the Sciences Deal in the General, the Universal and the Collective. to What Extent Does This Statement Obscure the Nature of Both Areas of Knowledge? By shamelessly The arts deal in the particular, the individual and the personal While the sciences deal in the general, the universal and the collective. To what extent does this statement obscure the nature Of both areas Of knowledge? The arts became a necessity only after physiological, safety, social and self esteem needs had been fulfilled by an individual. It is said that the arts re a way of expressing emotion. We will write a custom essay on The Arts Deal in the Particula specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Thus, it is separated from science, in which everything is objective and emotion free. It is said that the arts deal in the individual and the personal. This is true too certain extent. Artists (musicians, painters, photographers) express their own emotions through their work. The audience/spectators interpret the meaning of the art form in their own particular way, The idea that each person everyone should have their say, that beauty is in the eye of the beholder, does not cause anyone to question everyone elses views, when it comes to art, Therefore everyone believes in his/her version of he truth. This can be seen in Leonardo ad Vines painting, the Teflon Lisa. No one can tell why the background of the painting slants from her right, or why Leonardo painted it(x ray scans confirm this) over the features of a man (it hasnt been verified if the man is Leonardo himself). Many people hue different theories, but at the end of the day, they will all be right because Leonardo never left anything which could explain his true intentions. This theory would be limited, however, if he was alive and/or left something behind which would explain the curious nature Of the painting. The arts are said to deal in the particular. This is almost always true. The world is divided in terms of culture, religion and language, in spite of technology and globalization trying to bridge gaps. The way something is viewed in one part of the world is almost never viewed in the same way in another. Thus, it is obvious that art that is related to culture and religion in one part of the world can never be interpreted in the same way in another part of the world. A very good example of art involving religion can be the Buddha of Banyan in Afghanistan. The Buddha were obviously a religious symbol to the Buddhists living in Afghanistan. They were carved in the 6th century. However, the Buddhist populations decreased and the country was gradually taken over by the Taliban. To them, the statues did not convey any religious meaning, and they were incapable of understanding why it was important to the millions of Buddhists around the world. They (the Taliban) were incapable of interpreting What the statues meant. The statues were destroyed, even though it avgas possible that the government could prosper from the tourists visiting the site. The Taliban found art involving statues (images of people) insulting, and proceeded to destroy them. However, there are anomalies to this rule as well. A famous example is Picasso Queering, which depicts the killings caused by the fascists in Spain. The painting represents violence and mindless killing. Its meaning is interpreted in the same way throughout the world. Science is based on the scientific method which itself is made up of observation, reason and experiment. It has two branches, the natural sciences (physics, chemistry, etc. ) and the natural sciences (psychology, economics, etc). As it deals with facts obtained from reasoning, observation and reasoning, it has little space for emotions, which is where it differs greatly with the arts, where motion counts tort everything. .u8a375efe2b1d84978b6bf14ea605fcc1 , .u8a375efe2b1d84978b6bf14ea605fcc1 .postImageUrl , .u8a375efe2b1d84978b6bf14ea605fcc1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8a375efe2b1d84978b6bf14ea605fcc1 , .u8a375efe2b1d84978b6bf14ea605fcc1:hover , .u8a375efe2b1d84978b6bf14ea605fcc1:visited , .u8a375efe2b1d84978b6bf14ea605fcc1:active { border:0!important; } .u8a375efe2b1d84978b6bf14ea605fcc1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8a375efe2b1d84978b6bf14ea605fcc1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8a375efe2b1d84978b6bf14ea605fcc1:active , .u8a375efe2b1d84978b6bf14ea605fcc1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8a375efe2b1d84978b6bf14ea605fcc1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8a375efe2b1d84978b6bf14ea605fcc1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8a375efe2b1d84978b6bf14ea605fcc1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8a375efe2b1d84978b6bf14ea605fcc1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8a375efe2b1d84978b6bf14ea605fcc1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8a375efe2b1d84978b6bf14ea605fcc1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8a375efe2b1d84978b6bf14ea605fcc1 .u8a375efe2b1d84978b6bf14ea605fcc1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8a375efe2b1d84978b6bf14ea605fcc1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Aleksandr solzhenitsyn russian dissident EssayThe sciences are said to deal in the general and collective. This means they apply to people from all over the world. This is shown by Darnings theory of evolution, in which he states that all human beings, regardless of race, have common ancestor- monkeys. Science can never be proven to be right. Theories in science can only be disproved through the scientific method. Darnings theory of evolution is only right as long as someone can disprove it. However, chances are the new theory will be generalized yet again. And yet, there are some things in science that cannot be generalized. The cost common example in this case is gravity. The Earth is shaped like an orange, which means some places are closer to the Centre and Some places are further away. The force of gravity is greater the closer a place is to the centre of the Earth. Thus, gravity is one Of those things that cannot be generalized. The sciences are said to be universal. This means that scientific theories apply to places all over the universe. This is shown by Newtons Second Law, where he mentions that every action has an equal and opposite reaction (there are some specifications in this law, which are too long be mentioned in this essay). According to Newton, this law is not confined to Earth, but applies to all reaches of space. Thus, as far as this theory is concerned, science is universal, However, there are some things in science that have not been proven to be universal. The most common example what we call life. Life itself is not universal in science, as scientists have still been unable to prove that there is life in space. There are rumors, no doubt, of aliens in outer space, but this needs to be proven by the scientific method. It this remains so, the very study to biology can be classified as something that is not universal. So far, scientists have only been able to prove that there is life on a tiny planet in the Milky Way. The rest of the universe is lifeless, it seems, Therefore, because of this certain anomaly, science, like the arts, deal in the particular (in this case, a particular planet in a particular galaxy). Tory lane Madeline Marie Thus from the aforementioned claims, justifications, counter claims and personal examples, feel that both the arts and the sciences deal in the particular, the general, the individual, the universal, the personal and the collective. Saying anything otherwise can obscure the nature of both Areas of Knowledge.

Free Essays on Fathers

Fathers When we are children we see our fathers in a favorable light, until we are old enough to see them as they are. Many people have unresolved resentment with their fathers that bubbles to the surface often throughout there entire lives. Both the poems â€Å"forgiving my father† by Lucille Clifton and â€Å"Father from Asia† by Shirley Geok-Lin Lim deal with this issue. Both speakers in the poems have the reoccurring need to resolve their anger towards their fathers critical mistakes, and flaws. In â€Å"forgiving my father† the speaker of the poem is angry with her deceased father’s lack of financial support for her deceased mother. The poem indicates that the father was not financially supportive when it says â€Å"you are the pocket that was going to open and come up empty any friday.† Although both parents are gone she still wrestles with the anger that she has for her father. The poem claims that he did not pay the bills and for this she is angry, but there is a deeper meaning behind this financial aspect. The first two lines in the poem state, â€Å"it is friday. we have come to the paying of the bills.† This phrase is in the present tense, and means that she will now deal with her anger and the emotional debts left by her father. She starts the poem thinking that somehow she can change the past, but toward the end she realizes that she can not when she says â€Å"what am I doing her collecting? you lie side by side in debtor’s boxe s and no accounting will open them up.† In this poem accounting means that she is looking for a reason for her fathers actions. She cannot ever expect to find out why he never provided for there family financially or emotionally because he is dead. She has been scared by her father’s actions, and we know this because it is a cause for so much anger. Why would this pattern of outstanding debt still be an issue to the speaker after her parent’s deaths? It is shown that this continually bothers h... Free Essays on Fathers Free Essays on Fathers Fathers When we are children we see our fathers in a favorable light, until we are old enough to see them as they are. Many people have unresolved resentment with their fathers that bubbles to the surface often throughout there entire lives. Both the poems â€Å"forgiving my father† by Lucille Clifton and â€Å"Father from Asia† by Shirley Geok-Lin Lim deal with this issue. Both speakers in the poems have the reoccurring need to resolve their anger towards their fathers critical mistakes, and flaws. In â€Å"forgiving my father† the speaker of the poem is angry with her deceased father’s lack of financial support for her deceased mother. The poem indicates that the father was not financially supportive when it says â€Å"you are the pocket that was going to open and come up empty any friday.† Although both parents are gone she still wrestles with the anger that she has for her father. The poem claims that he did not pay the bills and for this she is angry, but there is a deeper meaning behind this financial aspect. The first two lines in the poem state, â€Å"it is friday. we have come to the paying of the bills.† This phrase is in the present tense, and means that she will now deal with her anger and the emotional debts left by her father. She starts the poem thinking that somehow she can change the past, but toward the end she realizes that she can not when she says â€Å"what am I doing her collecting? you lie side by side in debtor’s boxe s and no accounting will open them up.† In this poem accounting means that she is looking for a reason for her fathers actions. She cannot ever expect to find out why he never provided for there family financially or emotionally because he is dead. She has been scared by her father’s actions, and we know this because it is a cause for so much anger. Why would this pattern of outstanding debt still be an issue to the speaker after her parent’s deaths? It is shown that this continually bothers h...

Marine Herbivores

Marine Herbivores An herbivore is an organism that feeds on plants. These organisms are referred to as herbivorous. An example of a marine herbivore is the manatee. The opposite of an herbivore is a carnivore or meat-eater. Origin of the Term Herbivore The word herbivorous comes from the Latin word herba (a plant) and vorare (devour, swallow), meaning plant-eating. Size Matters Many marine herbivores are small because only a few organisms are adapted well enough to eat phytoplankton, which provides the bulk of the plants in the ocean. Terrestrial herbivores tend to be larger since most of the terrestrial plants are large and can sustain a large herbivore. Two exceptions are manatees and dugongs, large marine mammals who survive primarily on aquatic plants. However, they live in relatively shallow areas, where light is not limited and plants can grow larger.   Advantages and Disadvantages of Being An Herbivore Plants such as phytoplankton are relatively abundant in ocean areas with access to sunlight, such as shallow waters, at the surface of the open ocean, and along the coast. So an advantage of being an herbivore is that food is pretty easy to find. Once it is found, it cant escape like a live animal could. On the disadvantage side, plants are more difficult to digest and more may be needed to provide adequate energy for the herbivore.    Examples of Marine Herbivores Many marine animals are omnivores or carnivores. But there are some marine herbivores that are wells of marine herbivores in various animal groups are listed below. Herbivorous Marine Reptiles: Green sea turtle (who are named for their green fat, which is green because of their plant-based diet)Marine iguanas Herbivorous Marine Mammals: Manatees, as already mentioned above.Dugongs Herbivorous Fish Many tropical reef fish are herbivores. Examples include:   ParrotfishAngelfishTangsBlennies These coral reef herbivores are important to maintaining a healthy balance in a reef ecosystem. Algae can dominate and smother a reef if herbivorous fish arent present to help balance things out by grazing on the algae.  Fish can break down the algae using a gizzard-like stomach, chemicals in their stomach and intestinal microbes. Herbivorous Invertebrates Some gastropods, such as limpets, periwinkles  (e.g., the common periwinkle), and queen conchs. Herbivorous Plankton Some zooplankton species Herbivores and Trophic Levels Trophic levels are the levels at which animals feed. Within these levels, there are producers (autotrophs) and consumers (heterotrophs).   Autotrophs make their own food, while heterotrophs eat autotrophs or other heterotrophs. In a food chain or food pyramid, the first trophic level belongs to the autotrophs. Examples of autotrophs in the marine environment are marine algae and seagrasses. These organisms make their own food during photosynthesis, which uses energy from the sunlight. Herbivores are found at the second level. These are heterotrophs because they eat the producers. After herbivores, carnivores and omnivores are at the next trophic level, since carnivores eat herbivores, and omnivores eat both herbivores and producers. References and Further Information Cornell University. Herbivory in Fish. Accessed October 31, 2015.Harper, D. Herbivorous.  Online Etymology Dictionary. Accessed October 1, 2015.National Geographic.  Autotroph.  Accessed September 29, 2015.Map of Life. Gut fermentation in herbivorous animals. Accessed October 31, 2015.Morrissey, J.F. and J.L. Sumich. 2012. Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life. Jones Bartlett Learning. 466pp.

Motivation theories for drug use and addiction Research Paper

Motivation theories for drug use and addiction - Research Paper Example These early views on the reasons for continued drug use have been replaced by recent research which have contrasting perspectives that suggest that negative reinforcement is not a strong influence on drug motivation. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the motivation theories for drug/ alcohol use and addiction. Motivations for Drug Use Contemporary theory of the motivation for drug addiction makes paradoxical claims about the psychological basis for seeking drugs. Drug-seeking is considered to result from subjective craving for the positive effects of the drug, which suggests that this behavior is intentional. On the other hand, a key factor in the clinical diagnosis of drug dependence is that drug-seeking is resistant to the intention to quit, which means that drug-seeking is habitual or automatic. This is paradoxical, because drug seeking cannot be concurrently intentional and automatic (Hogarth & Chase, 2011). There are several reasons for people to take drugs. These include â€Å"peer pressure, relief of stress, to have increased energy, to relax, to relieve pain, to escape reality, to feel more self-esteem, and for recreation† (Columbia Encyclopedia, 2009, p.14591). Individuals resort to taking stimulants to keep alert, or cocaine for the feeling of excitement it produces. Similarly, athletes and bodybuilders may take anabolic steroids to increase muscle mass. There are numerous stressors which increase the risk of alcohol use disorders in humans. In alcohol and other drug dependent (AOD) people, drug craving is increased by internal and external forms of stress, which can also trigger relapse (Wand, 2008). Stress is generally defined as â€Å"any stimulus that challenges physiological homeostasis – that is, which alters the balance or equilibrium of the normal physiological state of the organism† (Wand, 2008, p.119). However, various forms of stress have different physiological consequences, stimulating different combinations of signaling molecules. These molecules aid in cell-to-cell communication, such as neurohormones, and produce distinctive outcomes on physiological processes. Therefore, the type and duration of stress have to be specified, for planning the treatment. Further, individuals respond differently to a particular type of stress, â€Å"and physiological and behavioral responses tend to be associated with dis tinct coping styles† (Wand, 2008, p.120). An interaction of environmental and genetic factors play a part in both susceptibility to alcohol and other drugs (AOD) use disorders, and in people’s responses to stress. Prenatal and early life stress can have impacts on the body systems involved in the stress response, for the entire life span, thereby predisposing an individual to certain diseases. This early programming effect is partly affected by â€Å"epigenetic mechanisms that alter heritable traits without manifesting as changes in the DNA sequence, and which also can aid in the development of AOD disorders† (Wand, 2008, p.120). Motivation Theories for the Use and Addiction to Drugs and Alcohol An Affective Processing Model of Negative Reinforcement Baker, Piper and McCarthy (2004) reformulate the negative reinforcement model of drug addiction. They propose that the escape and avoidance of negative affect is the prepotent motive for

Miranda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Miranda - Essay Example If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be provided for you." ( "Miranda Warning") Most people dreaded that government could act or treat according to their wishes, once any one was declared as criminal suspects. For this reason, there are certain rights, the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney that have been ensured by the Constitution. However, most people remain ignorant of such rights and a result, the police has for years taken advantage of the people's ignorance of this fact. This is what happened in the Ernesto Miranda in 1963 when he was accused of abducting and raping a young girl. He wasn't made cognizant of his rights and therefore confessed to his crime. In 1966, however, the Supreme Court disregarded his confessions as evidence against him as he wasn't aware of his rights to remain silent and his right to an attorney. Since then Miranda warnings has been given out to anyone who is suspected of a crime so that he later not argue of being unaware of his rights. (" The Miranda Warning") Other than in cases of "custodial interrogation" as in Miranda case, the court has put down situations where Miranda warnings need to be given. In 1977 during Oregon vs. Mathiason case, the court put forward other situations where the people need to Mirandized.

Much Ado About Nothing - A Feminist Perspective of Hero Essay -- Femin

A Feminist Perspective of Hero in Much Ado About Nothing  Ã‚     Ã‚   Unlike the title of this piece suggests, Hero did not undergo her transformation in Much Ado About Nothing through magic.   Rather, Hero was a victim of the double standards and illogical fears that the men of Shakespeare’s plays commonly held.   The following quote sums it up quite well:   In the plays female sexuality is not expressed variously through courtship, pregnancy, childbearing, and remarriage, as it is in the period.   Instead it is narrowly defined and contained by the conventions of Petrarchan love and cuckoldry.   The first idealizes women as a catalyst to male virtue, insisting on their absolute purity.   The second fears and mistrusts them for their (usually fantasized) infidelity, an infidelity that requires their actual or temporary elimination from the world of men, which then re-forms [sic] itself around the certainty of men’s shared victimization (Neely 127).     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hero’s plight in Much Ado About Nothing is a perfect example of how the skewed male perspective can turn a sweet and innocent girl into a scheming strumpet in no time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main problem is young Count Claudio.   He is immature when it comes to matters of love, and it shows when he hints of his growing feelings for Hero when he asks Benedick what he thinks of her (I.i.161).   Claudio cannot come out and just say that he has feelings for Hero, he has to seek approval from his male counterparts first.   While talking to both Benedick and Don Pedro, Claudio describes his feelings as passion first (I.i.219-220), and then he says, â€Å"That I love her, I feel† (I.i.228), indicating that he knows he feels something for Hero, but he is unsure of exactly what his feeling... ...   Ironically, this has occurred because of the folly of the men, almost making up for the double standards exercised in the beginning†¦But not quite.   Hero should not have had to depend on the men to regain her honor. Works Cited   Ã‚   Much Ado About Nothing.   Directed by Kenneth Branagh.   Samuel Goldwyn Company and Renaissance Films, 1993.    Much Ado About Nothing.   The Riverside Shakespeare, 2nd ed.   Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1997.   366-398.    Neely, Carol Thomas.   â€Å"Shakespeare’s Women: Historical Facts and Dramatic Representations.†Ã‚   Shakespeare’s Personality.   Ed. Norman N. Holland, Sidney Homan, and Bernard J. Paris.   Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.   116-134.    Ranald, Margaret Loftus.   â€Å" 'As Marriage Binds, and Blood Breaks': English Marriage and Shakespeare† Shakespeare Quarterly 30, (1979): 68-81.      

Biography of Jean Jacques Rosseau

Rousseau was born in Geneva, the son of a watchmaker. His mother died shortly after his birth, and his aunt and uncle raised him. At 16 he set out on into the world which brought him into contact with Louise de Warens, who became his patron and later his lover. She arranged for his trip to Turin, where he became a Roman Catholic convert. After serving as a footman in a powerful family, he left Turin and spent most of the next dozen years at Chambery, In 1742 he went to Paris to make his fortune with a new system of musical notation, but he failed. Once in Paris, however, he became friends with Denis Diderot. Diderot later commissioned Rousseau to write articles on music for Diderot†s Encyclopedia. In 1749, Rousseau won first prize in a contest, held by the Academy of Dijon, on the question: â€Å"Has the progress of the sciences and arts contributed to the corruption or to the improvement of human conduct? † In 1765 he was expelled from Bern and accepted the invitation of David Hume to live at his house in England; there he began to write the first part of his Confessions, but after a year he quarreled violently with Hume, whom he believed to be in league with Diderot and Grimm, and returned to France in 1767. After wandering through the provinces, he finally settled in Paris, where he lived in a garret and copied music. The French authorities left him undisturbed, while curious foreigners flocked to see the famous man and be insulted by him. At the same time he went from salon to salon, reading his Confessions aloud. In his last years he began Reveries du promeneur solitaire, descriptions of nature and his thoughts about it, which was unfinished at the time of his death. Shortly before his death Rousseau moved to the house of a protector at Ermenonville, near Paris, where he died. In 1794 his remains were transferred to the Pantheon in Paris. Few people in the Enlightenment Period equaled Rousseau†s influence on politics, literature and education. Rousseau†s thoughts begin with the fact the he believed we are good by nature but when put in society we begin become more disorganized. According to Rousseau, humanity†s only flaw was social behavior as he stated in his book â€Å"The Social Contract. † â€Å"But human nature does not go backward, and we never return to the times of innocence and equality, when we have once departed from them. † (The Social Contract, Book I, Ch. ) Going along with his idea of social order was Rousseau†s aim at freedom. He believed that the purpose of law and government was to expose the people†s wishes for the ideal government. Rousseau†s theory was, since the people decided if a ruler is fair or not, it was up to the society if the government was able to grant the people their liberty and well being. Basically, the government was only as strong as the people worked for it to be. If society didn†t like the tactics used by the ruler, the government would not gain control. Rousseau†s ideas on education are still used today. Rousseau outlined in his book, Emile, that education shouldn†t be viewed as trying to get a child to understand everything, but to draw out what was already in the child. Education was to be monitored and controlled very carefully and in the end, the process should result in the natural development of a child†s potential. Rousseau†s writings were always personal, describing his deeply keep secrets and thoughts. During the Enlightenment Period, Rousseau†s writings were incredibly popular. His book, Heloise, was one of the most popular and his book Confessions is still widely read today. His knowledge of musical theory was amazing because it was self-taught. Although his work did not have an effect on Enlightenment music, his compositions live on today. Rousseau†s influence on the Enlightenment was just as great as many of the more well know philosophs. Rousseau expanded on John Locke†s theory that a society has the right to question the authority of an unjust ruler. Rousseau highly influenced German and English romanticism, a movement in the 18th century that was marked by an emphasis on emotion and imagination. His thoughts about the rule of the government had a profound impact on French revolutionary thought. During the Enlightenment, people were beginning to become more independent and question authority. Society was starting to move away from conventional thinking and Rousseau social contract was the beginning to this revolution. Rousseau†s social contract was an addition to Thomas Hobbes†s social contract. Rousseau†s version stated that the contract was an agreement between free individuals to create a society and a government while Hobbes believed the ideal relationship was between a society and its government. Rousseau contributed greatly to the movement in Western Europe for individual freedom and against the absolutism of church and state. Rousseau†s ideas were a stepping-stone onto which the American colonists followed. Using Rousseau†s ideas on individual freedom, the colonists declared their independence from Great Britain and formed their own colonies. Rousseau†s ideas on education not only reflected the movements of his time, his ideas started a new movement. His thinking has not only influenced our ideas on education, they have formed the basis for what we believe in. Rousseau believed every child had the potential to become great, but it just a matter of releasing their knowledge. Teachers today use Rousseau†s thinking of allowing the free development of human potential to guide students through life. His ideas on education were new and different at the time. With these ideas, Rousseau added to the spirit of his time by creating new standards on education and learning. Rousseau†s thoughts can be summed up in a quote from his book, â€Å"The Social Contract,† (Book 2, Ch. 2) â€Å"Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains. Let us then admit that force does not create right, and that we are obliged to obey only legitimate powers. In that case, my original thought recurs, live free as equal individuals in a state of nature. â€Å"

Funding in SMEs and the Risk Faced - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2743 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Funding in SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and the risk faced. Risk management and SME 2.1 Definition of SME Hermann, 1996 ; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Small and medium sized enterprises (SME) differ from large corporations among other aspects first of all in their size. Their importance in the economy however is largeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . There are different definition of SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s but most commonly the firm should have up to 250 employees and jobs in small and medium enterprises accounts of 50% of formal employment in developing countries (Ayyagari et al 2007) . According to the European commission 2011, SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s should consist of these following criteria : Company Employees Turnover Balance sheet total Medium-sized 250 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 50 m à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 43 m Small 50 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 10 m à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 10 m Micro 10 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2 m à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2 m Table 1 : criteria for SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s European commission 2010 SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s play an important role in our Mauritian economy , they are the major source of innovation, employment and entrepreneurial skills. In Mauritius the Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority (SMEDA ) defines an SME as an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“enterprises in all economic sector and a Small Enterprise is defined as an enterprise which has an annual turnover of not more than 10 million MUR and Medium Enterprise is defined as an enterprise which has an annual turnover of more than 10 million MUR but not more than 50 million MUR à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ . Small sizes and medium sizes are defined separately due to different support and objectives which these enterprises required. Section B : sources of finance for SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 2.2 Capital structure SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s do not have the opportunity to contact business consultants of business specialist with them so they have to rel y on their general competence as owners. SMEs have a different characteristics as compared to a big companies (Berger and Udell,1998). Small and medium enterprises suffer from a great lack of financial resources which prevent them from growing . since competitive threats can affect small businesses , they prefer to quickly adapt changes in market demand rather than implementing a long term approach (Jennings and Beaver, 1997). Vos et al, 2007 stated that entrepreneur are forced to use debt as an important financing instrument 2.3 Financing of SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Firms typically need different types of financing measures for different purposes and at different points in their life cycle.SME financing received much attention in recent years from researchers, economists and policy makers (De la Torre et al, 2010). Basically, the level of required financing depends on a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial performance and its assets (Hillier et al, 2010). SMEs finance themse lves through internal sources such as both from the business owner and through retained profit. Many SMEs also use external sources of finance. It can be in two forms either from informal sources such as family , friends and from Formal sources such as bank loans, leasing, trade credits, factoring and more à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“formalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Venture Capital, which is important for a select group of high potential SMEs (EIM, 2009). In addition it can be said that SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s have more problems in acquiring external financing as compared to larger companies. Naturally, SMEs are not able to raise money directly in the capital markets and are hence they need other external sources they primarily depend on traditional bank financing, which is itself limited by constraints due to banksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ refinancing capacity, their risk appetite and capital and equacy (Kraemer-s,Lang, and Gvetadze, 2013) 2.4 Sources of finance Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Funding in SMEs and the Risk Faced" essay for you Create order Retained earnings Retained earnings are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the profit that a company of business have earned to date less dividend and other distributions paidà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Steve B, 2010. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Earnings are cumulative and represent past and present earningsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  ( Peaver R, 2012).this earnings can be a good source for SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and it is less risky . Personal savings Using your own money to start up is an own satisfaction in itself and you donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t owe anyone . Many owners or managers do not like to use long term debt , so they try to adopt a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“pecking order of financing preferencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Howorth, 2001). The owners use their own personal savings or receive savings from families and friends . Nottingham,20 November 2013 , it was found that one quarter SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s use their personal savings to finance their own business . Angel investors Collen D, 2010 define Angel investor is an individual who is willing to invest in the early stage of a business in exchange for ownership stake . If owners want quick and aggressive growth they can turn to angel investors for capital they bring both time experience and money à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“One of the greatest contributions given by angel investors is that they prefer to invest in seed-stage, start-up-stage or early-stage enterprise mayer, 2008à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  some investors prefer early stages because they can have an important or active role in the business and others may take it as a challenge for them. There is definitely a share of control in the business since an investor is interested in it , this can affect decision making process but on the other hand the riskiness is shared. Partnership Alfonso et al , 1995 defined partnership as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“more than simply working togetherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Partnership can be relationship with vendors, business alliance , emphasis of teamwork an collaboration. So the collaboration of two of more individuals of firms is an excellent source of providing funds to run a business or to go on a venture. It can be risky as other partners do not have the same way of thinking and taking decision process can be very long as the approval of other partners is required. Leasing Leasing provide SME to have access to short and medium term finance. Fletcher et al ,2005 define leasing as a contract between two parties where the lessor provide an asset to another party for usage for a given time period , in return for a payment by the lessee . In the budget 2012 speech it was announced that the interest rate under leasing of equipment was brought down from from 8.5 % to 7.25 % 2.5 Debt finance Debt involves that the owner must borrow and payback with an interest . An important aspect of debt financing is that it the owner have complete ownership of his business. According to Aswarth some general characteristics of debt are : commitment to make a fixed payments in the future, the fixed payment are tax deductible and finally failure to make payment lead to either default or loss of control of the business. Bank Loans to SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s One of the most important source of debt finance for small and medium enterprises is to take out a bank loan Yesseleva, M. (2010). Bank support to SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s in Mauritius : New measure announced in Budget speech 2012 by honorable Xavier luc duval. The scheme includes new overdrafts and bank loans as well as renewal of existing. 35% guarantee provided by Equity Fund Interest rate at 7.9 percent (repo + 300 basis points) SMEs apply directly to banks (sources : SME portal mauritius). 2.6 NON-bank sources of debt finance Asset base lenders à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“usually smaller commercial banks, commercial finance companies, or specialty lenders, allow small businesses to borrow moneyby pledging otherwise idle assets such as accounts receivable, inventory, or purchase orders as collateralsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Discounting accounts receivables à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a small business pledges his account receivable as collaterals. Inventory financing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a small business loan is secured by its inventory of raw materials, work in process, and finished goodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Vendor financing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Borrowing money from vendors and suppliers in the form of credit Commercial finance companies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a second option if the owner did not obtain a loan from a bank. Stock brokerage houses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" brokers also give loans and ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest rate are often lower than banks. Insurance companies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" these companies offer policy loans and mortgage loans. Credit unions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ these are nonprofit financial cooperatives that promote saving and provide loans to their memberà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Bonds Sources : Michael wolff à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sources of debt and equity financeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Some institutions that provide debt finance in Mauritius : Development bank of Mauritius (DBM) The Mauritius Leasing Company Limited SBM Lease Ltd SICOM Financial Services Ltd MAURITIUS POST COOPERATIVE BANK (MPCB) Section C : Risk and risk management 2.7 Definition of risk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Risk appetite refers to the amount of exposure to potentially negative occurrences that an organisation is willing to acceptà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Baek et al., 2005). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Constructed from an investment management perspective, the crucial aspect of risk appetite that impacts on our theoretical position is that traditionally, risk, rather than being seen for its potential opportunities has been conceptualised to reflect a perception of being undesirableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Hansson, 1996, 1999, 2005; Campbell, 2006). When doing business, constantly decisions, where the outcomes cannot be foreseen with certainty due to incomplete information, have to be made (Stroeder, 2008, p.135) . Risk can be of two types . it can be either systematic , which is also called the market risk or undiversifiable risk, these risk are independent of business decisions. The second type of risk is unsystematic risk (also called diversifiable risk or specific risk) which are result of managerial decisions (Retzlaff, 2007, p.11) . 2.8 Risk management Head , 2009 define risk management as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling resources to achieve given objectives when good or bad events are possibleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  .according to Vaughan and Vaughan (2001) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the main objective of risk management is to ensure that the organisation is not prevented from achieving its primary objectives as a result of losses that might arise from its operations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Henschel and Gao (2010) affirm that a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“risk management system is necessary for SMEs not only because it is required by law but rather because it is in the essential interest of the SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Smith and Watkins, 2002 further support that risk management should be of a main concern to small businesses as they are sensitive to business risk and competition . It is th e responsibility of the owner manage these risk and he will be accounted for risk decision made for the business. 2.9 Application of risk management Bajaj (1997) reported that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ if a risk is not identified it cannot be controlled , transferred or otherwise managed.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Risk management should be applied throughout the whole life of a business or a project. Accordind to jaafari et al , 1995 , there are three stage of risk management : Risk identification Risk analysis and Risk respond 2.9.1 Risk identification This is the first stage of risk management, it is a process which can reveal and determine the possible risk . the correct risk should be identified effectively by risk managers . if those risk are not successfully identified , then losses or gains could not be found and in time it will become non-manageable by the organisation (greene and trieschmann, 1984) . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the inability to identify possible gains is as inappropriate as non-identified risk related to lossà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Dickson et al , 1986. So ignoring a good possibility is the same as bearing a loss . According to William et al , 1998à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  risk identification can be described through the following elementsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ : Sources of risk Hazard factor Perils Exposure to risk Sources of risk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Elements of the organization environment that can bring some positive or negative outcomesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  lubka 2002. For example , if a firm undertake to produce a new good , this decision is barely influenced by the market. So the matket condition , availability of competitors , customers , quality of raw materials is the sources of the risk . Hazard factor This is the conditions and circumstances that increase chances of gains and losses. An error in the firm management about the market of a product can be a hazard factor . Peril Peril can cause unknown and unpredictable loss and it can happen any time.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ A peculiarity of peril is that it does not include a positive meaning , as the peril always cause lossesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  hance et al , 1991 . Resources exposed to risk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“These are objects facing possible losses or gain . they will normally be affected if a risk event occursà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  . 2.9.2 Risk analysis and evaluation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Each event may be a single incident or an aggregation of incidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Williams, 1995). There are several analysis techniques to quantify risk. These techniques are code optimization , sensitivity analysis , probability analysis . 2.9.3 Risk response This means to manage the risk using proper techniques to minimize risk or to eliminate it . 2.10 Business risk faced by SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Both large companies and SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operates in the same business environment but they à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“derive different benefits and opportunitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , they are also expose to different type of risks . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ this is because of their differences in economic capacity including asses to human capital and material resources . Kelkar (2008) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã ‚ theorizes that SMEs are weak in terms of business plan, management structure and in decision making when compared to large organizations. This further increases SMEsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ inability to absorb most business uncertainties and risksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . According to suh , 2010 the SME sector is more affected by economic environment and is the first to bear external shock so there are more SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s closing down than being established. 2.11 Specific Business risk In which SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s are exposed to Liquidity risk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Liquidity measures the ability of the firm to cover itsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ expenses and therefore it also shows whether the company is able to cope with some losses due to risk occurrenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Smithson, Smith Wilford, 1995) . A lack of liquidity will prevent the firm to pay its bill and day to day expenses. Continuation of business à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The business entities under SME sectors are mostly proprietorship and partnership concerns. Few in the joint stock companies are private limited or closely held public limited companies. Thus, the very constitution itself may prove to be risky due to lack of professionalism and overdependence on one or two key persons for running the show. Lenders and other stakeholders in SME sector cannot afford to forget this factà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  R.s . Rahavan (2005) . Leverage of financial structure The limit to which small business can raise capital and due to this disadvantage this affect their capacity to leverage on the financial structure R.s . Rahavan (2005) Tough competition Due to intense competition on the market , SME have to cut down their product cost and reduce their profits. Therefore they absorb higher input cost. Account receivables Salima et al, 2011 stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the supply of trade credit by SMEs is the product of both customer demand and the possibility of strategic advantage, but it is subject to risk.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Business who provide credit facilities always suffer the risk that customer do not pay their debt . Incapacity to go for technological advance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Technological innovation is a key factor in a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competitiveness. Technological innovation is unavoidable for firms which want to develop and maintain a competitive advantage or gain entry in to new marketsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Becheikh et al. 2006) . with poor financial resources SME cannot go for sophisticated technological advancement which make them lose competitiveness and optimization of available resources. Employees turnover à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“As growth prospects are very limited in SME sector, it is prone to high degree of employee turnover and this may involve lot of wastage of manpower and additional cost in the form of training and knowledge updating, affecting continuity besides lowering the productivityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  R.s . Rahavan (2005). 2.12 How to manage these specific business risk arising to SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Proper cash flow to prevent lack of liquidity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Maintain a proper cash flow managements and make accounts up to date . Research and development Following market changes Hedging à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the owner can hedge against inflation changes , exchange rate and commodity price change which is a very important risk management tool in finance. Proper mode for collection of receivables à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" take legal action to recover your money back and use agencies specialised to recover bad debts. 2.13 Financial risk It is the risk associated to financing. It is the loss in financing method. Eichhorn, 2004, said that financial risk can be in two forms, it can either be internal financial risk where to business itself is creating those risk or external risk which depend on financial market . SchÃÆ' ¶nborn, 2010, assesses external risk on 3 risk factors namely exchange rate risk, interest rate risk and commodity price risk Exchange rate risk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Exchange rate risk management is an integral part in every firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decisions about foreign currency exposureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Allayannis et al , 2001). Currency risk can be reducer eliminated by using hedging strategies . Selecting hedging strategies is often a discouraging task because of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“complexities involved in measuring accurately current risk exposure and deciding on the appropriate degree of risk exposure that ought to be coveredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . (Papaioannou, 2001). Interest rate risk If small businesses is using a lot of debt to finance his business. The risk of fluctuations in the interest rate is an important factor to be taken into consideration . A rise in interest rate can raise the amount of interest pain. To prevent interest rate risk , business owners could request the borrowers to fix the interest rate for a certain period (CPA Australia 2008) . Commodity price risk It is the threat of the change in price of a production input which could have a negative impact on the producer .To manage this risk producers should be less reliant on one commodity. producers can diversify their products and income source . They can also use fixed price contracts arrangements .